HTML uses a hyperlink to link to another document on the Web. HTML uses the <a> (anchor) tag to create a link to another document. An anchor can point to any resource on the Web: an HTML page, an image, a sound file, a movie, etc. The syntax of creating an anchor: <a href="url">Text to be displayed</a> The <a> tag is used to create an anchor to link from, the href attribute is used to address the document to link to, and the words between the open and close of the anchor tag will be displayed as a hyperlink. This anchor defines a link to W3Schools: <a href="http://www.w3schools.com/">Visit W3Schools!</a> The line above will look like this in a browser: Visit W3Schools! The Target Attribute With the target attribute, you can define where the linked document will be opened. The line below will open the document in a new browser window: <a href="http://www.w3schools.com/" target="_blank">Visit W3Schools!</a> The Anchor Tag and the Name Attribute The name attribute is used to create a named anchor. When using named anchors we can create links that can jump directly into a specific section on a page, instead of letting the user scroll around to find what he/she is looking for. Below is the syntax of a named anchor: <a name="label">Text to be displayed</a> The name attribute is used to create a named anchor. The name of the anchor can be any text you care to use. The line below defines a named anchor: <a name="tips">Useful Tips Section</a> You should notice that a named anchor is not displayed in a special way. To link directly to the "tips" section, add a # sign and the name of the anchor to the end of a URL, like this: <a href="http://www.w3schools.com/html_links.asp#tips"> Jump to the Useful Tips Section</a> A hyperlink to the Useful Tips Section from WITHIN the file "html_links.asp" will look like this: <a href="#tips">Jump to the Useful Tips Section</a> Basic Notes – Useful Tips Always add a trailing slash to subfolder references. If you link like this: href="http://www.w3schools.com/html", you will generate two HTTP requests to the server, because the server will add a slash to the address and create a new request like this: href="http://www.w3schools.com/html/" Named anchors are often used to create "table of contents" at the beginning of a large document. Each chapter within the document is given a named anchor, and links to each of these anchors are put at the top of the document. Link Tags Tag     Description <a>     Defines an anchor

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Reserved characters in HTML must be replaced with character entities. Character Entities Some characters are reserved in HTML. For example, you cannot use the greater than or less than signs within your text because the browser could mistake them for markup. If we want the browser to actually display these characters we must insert character entities in the HTML source. A character entity looks like this: &entity_name; OR &#entity_number; To display a less than sign we must write: &lt; or &#60; The advantage of using an entity name instead of a number is that the name often is easier to remember. However, the disadvantage is that browsers may not support all entity names (while the support for entity numbers is very good). Non-breaking Space The most common character entity in HTML is the non-breaking space. Normally HTML will truncate spaces in your text. If you write 10 spaces in your text HTML will remove 9 of them. To add lots of spaces to your text, use the &nbsp; character entity. Try It Yourself This example lets you experiment with character entities: Try it yourself Commonly Used Character Entities Note Entity names are case sensitive! Result     Description     Entity Name     Entity Number non-breaking space     &nbsp;     &#160; <     less than     &lt;     &#60; >     greater than     &gt;     &#62; &     ampersand     &amp;     &#38; ¢     cent     &cent;     &#162; £     pound     &pound;     &#163; ¥     yen     &yen;     &#165; €     euro     &euro;     &#8364; §     section     &sect;     &#167; ©     copyright     &copy;     &#169; ®     registered trademark     &reg;     &#174;

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HTML defines a lot of elements for formatting output, like bold or italic text. Below are a lot of examples that you can try out yourself: Have you ever seen a Web page and wondered "Hey! How did they do that?" To find out, click the VIEW option in your browser’s toolbar and select SOURCE or PAGE SOURCE. This will open a window that shows you the HTML code of the page. Text Formatting Tags Tag     Description <b>     Defines bold text <big>     Defines big text <em>     Defines emphasized text <i>     Defines italic text <small>     Defines small text <strong>     Defines strong text <sub>     Defines subscripted text <sup>     Defines superscripted text <ins>     Defines inserted text <del>     Defines deleted text <s>     Deprecated. Use <del> instead <strike>     Deprecated. Use <del> instead <u>     Deprecated. Use styles instead "Computer Output" Tags Tag     Description <code>     Defines computer code text <kbd>     Defines keyboard text <samp>     Defines sample computer code <tt>     Defines teletype text <var>     Defines a variable <pre>     Defines preformatted text <listing>     Deprecated. Use <pre> instead <plaintext>     Deprecated. Use <pre> instead <xmp>     Deprecated. Use <pre> instead Citations, Quotations, and Definition Tags Tag     Description <abbr>     Defines an abbreviation <acronym>     Defines an acronym <address>     Defines an address element <bdo>     Defines the text direction <blockquote>     Defines a long quotation <q>     Defines a short quotation <cite>     Defines a citation <dfn>     Defines a definition term

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Attributes provide additional information to an HTML element. HTML Tag Attributes HTML tags can have attributes. Attributes provide additional information to an HTML element. Attributes always come in name/value pairs like this: name="value". Attributes are always specified in the start tag of an HTML element. Attributes Example 1: <h1> defines the start of a heading. <h1 align="center"> has additional information about the alignment. Try it yourself: Center aligned heading Attributes Example 2: <body> defines the body of an HTML document. <body bgcolor="yellow"> has additional information about the background color. Try it yourself: Background color Attributes Example 3: <table> defines an HTML table. (You will learn more about HTML tables later) <table border="1"> has additional information about the border around the table. Use Lowercase Attributes Attributes and attribute values are case-insensitive. However, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase attributes/attribute values in their HTML 4 recommendation, and XHTML demands lowercase attributes/attribute values. Always Quote Attribute Values Attribute values should always be enclosed in quotes. Double style quotes are the most common, but single style quotes are also allowed. In some rare situations, like when the attribute value itself contains quotes, it is necessary to use single quotes: name=’John "ShotGun" Nelson’

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An HTML document consists of HTML elements. HTML elements are defined by HTML tags. HTML Tags * HTML tags are markup surrounded by angle brackets like <html> * HTML tags normally come in pairs like <b> and </b> * The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag HTML Elements * An HTML element starts with a start tag * The element content is everything between the start and end tag * An HTML element ends with an end tag Example <html> <body> <p>This is my first paragraph</p> </body> </html> The example above contains 3 HTML elements. A <p> Element The <p> element defines a paragraph in the HTML document: <p>This is my first paragraph</p> The element starts with a start tag: <p> The element content is: This is my first paragraph The element ends with an end tag: </p> A <body> Element The <body> element defines the body of the HTML document: <body> <p>This is my first paragraph</p> </body> The element starts with a start tag: <body> The element content is another element (a paragraph) The element ends with an end tag: </body> An <html> Element The <html> element defines the whole HTML document: <html> <body> <p>This is my first paragraph</p> </body> </html> The element starts with a start tag: <html> The element content is another element (the body) The element ends with an end tag: </html> Why do We Use Lowercase Tags? HTML tags are not case sensitive: <P> means the same as <p>. Plenty of web sites use uppercase HTML tags in their pages. W3Schools use lowercase tags because the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase in HTML 4, and demands lowercase tags in newer versions of (X)HTML.

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